The use of factual/counterfactual comparisons—that is, estimating the difference between what actually happened and what would have happened absent an event—is a fundamental tool in the economists’ ...

(Phys.org)—In the non-intuitive quantum domain, the phenomenon of counterfactuality is defined as the transfer of a quantum state from one site to another without any quantum or classical particle ...

What if the great events in history had turned out differently? How would the world today be changed? Niall Ferguson wonders about this a lot. He's a well-known economic historian at Harvard, and a ...

Graphs are a ubiquitous data structure and a universal language for representing objects and complex interactions. They can model a wide range of real-world systems, such as social networks, chemical ...

The New Republic recently asked an intriguing question about the U.S. intervention in Libya: Why isn’t Obama getting credit for preventing an atrocity? The answer is obvious when you think about it: ...

Counterfactual thinking -- considering a "turning point" moment in the past and alternate universes had it not occurred -- heightens one's perception of the moment as significant, and even fated, ...

Quantum communication is a strange beast, but one of the weirdest proposed forms of it is called counterfactual communication – a type of quantum communication where no particles travel between two ...

When does a research project transcend the limits of what the academic establishment considers “legitimate” scholarship? At what point do tenure committees decide that a particular undertaking is ...

I’ve written about gratitude for this newspaper, and I stand by my claim that gratitude can radically alter your perspective on failure, setbacks and accomplishments. However, I also recognize that ...