The invention that first enabled researchers to see clear images of living cells was the phase-contrast microscope, which won its inventor, Frits Zernike, a Nobel Prize in 1932. Prior to Zernike's ...

The use of high-resolution bright-field microscopy is essential for cellular-scale biological research, but this technique has limitations due to low image contrast. Using dyes on the sample can ...

Light microscopy is a key tool that scientists use to image cells, organelles, subcellular structures, and molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. Because visible light leaves biological ...

Brightfield microscopy has been widely used for hundreds of years, while reflection contrast microscopy is relatively new technology. As one of the earliest and simplest microscopy techniques, ...