Energy is required to break a covalent bond between two atoms to overcome the attractive force. Bond breaking is an endothermic process. The opposite is true if we want to make new bonds. Energy is ...

Hess’s Law states that the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is independent of the route taken. This means that the enthalpy change for the overall process will be identical regardless of how ...

The pressure-enthalpy (P-H) diagram is a useful tool for refrigeration engineers and designers. It is also useful for service technicians. The P-H diagram is a graphical representation of the ...