Circuit simulations are great because you can experiment with circuits and make changes with almost no effort. In Circuit VR, we look at circuits using a simulator to do experiments without having to ...

In the last Circuit VR we looked at some basic op amp circuits in a simulator, including the non-inverting amplifier. Sometimes you want an amplifier that inverts the signal. That is a 5V input ...

My hands-on introduction to operational amplifiers was in 1969 while in the army as a junior scientist in the Atmospheric Science Laboratory at the White Sands Proving Grounds. We had taken a ...

In previous articles—Common op-amp circuits, Op amps do integration, and The practical op-amp differentiator is quite versatile—we looked at some classic op amp circuits. These circuits used negative ...

Op amps excel at providing many useful and clever solutions to routine or complicated circuit functions. A summing circuit is a perfect example. A summing circuit is typically used in applications ...

One of the biggest problems for designers of op-amp circuitry arises when the circuit must be operated from a single supply, rather than ± 15 V. This application note provides working circuit examples ...

The term instrumentation amplifier (INA) often is misused, referring to the application rather than the architecture of the device. Historically, any amplifier that was considered precision (i.e., ...

It is important to consider the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for analog test and measurement, as well as other electrical engineering activities, as it helps ensure that critical electrical ...