In scientific research, controls are employed as standards. By separating the control from the samples exposed to an experimental condition, such as the introduction of an analyte, the effects of the ...

Hepatitis A blood tests check for immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. An IgG-positive and IgM-negative result may suggest immunity to hepatitis A. A doctor may request a ...

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) proteins are found on the surface of breast cells and are involved in normal cell growth. Too much HER2 protein, however, can cause some types of breast ...

Gram-positive bacteria show blue or purple after Gram-staining in a laboratory test. They have thick cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria show pink or red on staining and have thin walls. They release ...