The complexity and cost of a scientific instrument have a large impact on the number of scientific teams with access to the instrument for their research 1,2 and thus to which extent a microscope ...

The invention that first enabled researchers to see clear images of living cells was the phase-contrast microscope, which won its inventor, Frits Zernike, a Nobel Prize in 1932. Prior to Zernike's ...

Nearly 100 years ago, a seemingly simple discovery revolutionized the microscope. The introduction of phase contrast, which ...

Electron microscopy is a powerful technique that provides high-resolution images by focusing a beam of electrons to reveal fine structural details in biological and material specimens. 2 Because ...