Take the urology clinical quiz. How would you diagnose and treat a former smoker with a filling defect in the left kidney?

Minimally invasive flexible ureteroscopy (f-URS) with flexible and navigable suction ureteral access sheaths (FANS) may treat infected stones with systemic urinary tract infection.

The kidneys are a symmetrical pair of bean-shaped organs positioned on either side of the spine, situated just beneath the ribcage. Each kidney functions as a highly efficient filtration system for ...