The study of earthquakes called Seismology, relies on the fact that different materials within the Earth react differently to stress. When a fault slips, energy radiates outward from the focus (the ...
When light passes through materials, it typically changes direction and bends in predictable ways. This change in direction, known as refraction, is caused by a change in the speed of light as it ...
Abstract: Acoustic emission (AE) technology faces challenges in concrete structures due to anisotropy and heterogeneity, causing wave velocity variations, reflection, refraction, and localization ...
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